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Introduction: Childhood injuries and traumas can affect the psychological characteristics of people throughout their lives. Childhood traumas can lead to the formation of maladaptive schemas and the occurrence of suicidal thoughts in adulthood. The current research purpose was modeling suicidal thoughts based on childhood trauma with the mediating role of maladaptive schemas.
Methods: This research is a correlational study method. The statistical population of the present study is consiste of all the adults in Tehran who experienced physical and sexual adversities in childhood. The sample included 300 people with a history of childhood adversity who were selected by available sampling. In order to measure the research variables were used childhood trauma questionnaires (CTQ), Beck Suicidal Thoughts Questionnaire (BSSI), and Inconsistent Schemas Questionnaire (YSQ-SF). The data was analyzed path analysis using Amos software.    
Results: The findings showed that the direct effect of childhood trauma on suicidal thoughts is significant (P <0.05). Also, the results show that early maladaptive schemas play an intermediate role in the relationship between childhood traumas and suicide thoughts (P <0.05).
Conclusions: early maladaptive schemas mediate the relationship between suicidal thoughts and childhood trauma, and to work on suicidal thoughts, the role of schemas and unfortunate childhood experiences should be considered.   
 

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Introduction: Obesity is a major health problem, and the physical and interpersonal limitations associated with it lead to significant psychological distress. Childhood injuries can play a role in the formation of early maladaptive schemas self-compassion and obesity in adulthood. The aim of the present study is to determine the role of childhood trauma on obesity through the mediation of early maladaptive schemas and self-compassion.
Methods: The design of the current research was descriptive-correlational and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the current study included all obese patients who were referred to specialized diet therapy centers in Isfahan City in the Fall and winter of 2020 and spring of 2021, from which 376 people were selected voluntarily as a sample. Then a structured interview was conducted for Axis 1 and 2 disorders (SCID-I and SCID-II) were administered, body mass index (BMI) was measured, and the subjects were asked to fill in the Young schemas-short form questionnaires (YSQ-S), childhood trauma questionnaires ( CTQ), self-compassion scale (SCS) answered. Then the collected data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method.
Results: The results of the research showed that childhood trauma is directly and indirectly related to obesity through primary maladaptive schemas and self-pity. Also, the results showed that early maladaptive schemas and self-pity are directly related to obesity.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, early maladaptive schemas and self-pity mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and obesity. To treat obesity, the role of childhood trauma, self-pity, and early maladaptive schemas should also be considered.

 

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Introduction: There is a large body of evidence that suggests a relationship between childhood trauma and psychological distress, but relatively few studies have examined potential mediating factors for this relationship. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of rumination and mindfulness in the relationship between childhood trauma and psychological distress.
Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the research was made up of all people referring to clinics and psychological service centers in Tehran. Among the statistical population, 300 people were selected by convenience sampling method. The research tools were: Bernstein et al.'s childhood trauma questionnaire (2003), Nolen-Hoeksema's rumination response scale (1991), Brown & Ryan’s mindfulness assessment scale (2003) and Kessler's psychological distress questionnaire (2003). Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS and AMOS version 23 software were used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that the research model has a good fit. The coefficients of the direct paths of childhood trauma (T = 8.041, β = 0.262), mindfulness (T = -56.421, β = -0.896) and Rumination (T = 5.519, β = 0.163) were significant on psychological distress. Also, indirect coefficients of traumatic life events through rumination and mindfulness on psychological distress were significant.
Conclusions: The results indicated the mediating role of rumination and mindfulness between childhood trauma experience and psychological distress. The findings of this study provide us with an important clinical concept that rumination and mindfulness should be a goal for the prevention and treatment of psychological distress in victims of childhood trauma.
 
 

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Introduction: Examining the traumatic experiences and personality characteristics of cosmetic surgery applicants is particularly important in explaining their psychological problems. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between childhood trauma experience with anxiety symptoms and body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery applicants with the mediating role of rejection sensitivity.
Methods: The present research was correlation based on structural equations. The statistical population of the research included all women referring to cosmetic surgery clinics in Tehran. Considering the criteria of inclusion and exclusion, 210 people were selected by convenience sampling method. The research tools are: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Body Dysmorphic Disorder questionnaire, and Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire. Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS and AMOS version 23 software were used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that the direct path coefficients of childhood trauma experience on anxiety symptoms (β=0.318 and P=0.001) and sensitivity to rejection (β=0.510 and P=0.001) were positively significant, but the path of childhood trauma experience on body dysmorphic disorder was not significant. Also, the direct path coefficients of rejection sensitivity on anxiety symptoms (β=0.464 and P=0.001) and body dysmorphic disorder (β=0.464 and P=0.001) were positively significant. In addition to sensitivity to rejection, it had a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma experience and anxiety symptoms and body dysmorphic disorder.
Conclusions: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that targeted interventions that are used to reduce the sensitivity to rejection can probably be effective in improving the psychological problems and attitudes of cosmetic surgery applicants.
 
 

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Introduction: The prevalence of Self-injury in adolescents is increasing and therefore it has become a widespread public health problem, and adolescents who self-harm are significantly at risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of formulation the model of self-injurious behaviors based on the experience of childhood trauma and alexithymia with the mediation of mentalization in adolescents.
 Methods: The present research was correlation based on structural equations. The statistical population of the research was all teenagers in Tehran in 2023, among them 230 people were available for selection and Self-Harm Inventory (SHI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ). For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software were used.
 Results: The results showed the direct effect of childhood trauma (T = 0.55, β = 2.20), alexithymia (β = 0.46, T = 2.55), mentalization (confidence component) (T = -9.58 β = -0.88) and mentalization (uncertainty component) (T = -0.6, β = 0.53) were significant on self-injurious behaviors. In addition, the indirect effect of childhood trauma on self-injurious behaviors through mentalization (confidence component) (P < 0.05, β = -0.41). Moreover, mentalization played a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and alexithymia with self-injurious behaviors. The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 71% of the variance of self-injurious behaviors.
Conclusions: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that despite traumatic experiences in childhood and emotional dyslexia, teenagers will have the ability to regulate emotions if they acquire high psychological capacity and understanding and insight into their mental processes and self-control over internal processes. and they engage in self-harm behaviors less. Therefore, it is suggested to pay special attention to treatments based on emotion regulation and mentalization with the aim of reducing self-harm behaviors in teenagers.
 

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Introduction: Emotional dysregulation has been identified as an important meta-diagnostic factor for the etiology and treatment of various psychological problems. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural relationships of childhood trauma with positive memory and depressive symptoms with regard to the mediating role of positive emotional dysregulation in adults.
Methods: The statistical population included all people referring to clinics and psychological service centers in Tehran in 2023. Among the statistical population, 240 people were selected by available sampling method. Research tools were: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Difficulties Emotion Regulation Scale‐Positive (DERS-P), Memory Experiences Questionnaire-Short Form (MEQ-SF). For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS -22 and AMOS-26 software were used.
Results: The results showed that the research model has a good fit. The direct effect of childhood trauma on positive memory was not significant. The direct effect of childhood trauma on symptoms of depression (T = 0.80, β = 0.80, T = 13.08) and positive emotion dysregulation (T = 0.80, 16.48), and the direct effect of the positive emotion dysregulation on positive memory (40 T = 0.76, β = 0.5) and depressive symptoms (T = 2.05, β = 0.12) were significant. Also, positive emotion dysregulation had a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and positive memory and depressive symptoms.
Conclusions: According to the findings of the present research, positive emotional dysregulation should be a target for treatment in childhood trauma victims, to prevent mood disorders and make positive memories special. Therefore, it is suggested to use treatments such as emotion regulation based treatments, memory specificity training to reduce depression symptoms and increase memory specificity in people with childhood trauma experience.
 

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Introduction: Although previous studies have shown that there is a strong relationship between childhood trauma and depression, the mediating mechanisms of this relationship have not been well studied. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural relationships between childhood trauma experience and depressive symptoms in adults with the mediating role of dissociative experiences and attachment styles.
Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the research was made up of all the people who referred to the clinics and psychological service centers of Tehran in 2023. Among the statistical population, 320 people were selected by convenience sampling method. The research tools were: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Dissociative Experiences Scale, and Attachment Styles Questionnaire. Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS version 23 and AMOS version 23 software were used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that the research model has a good fit. Direct path coefficients of childhood trauma experience (T = 0.28, β = 2.52), dissociative experiences (T = 0.27, β = 2.63), secure attachment (T = 0.27, -2.31) β=-0) and insecure attachment (T=2.21, β=0.23) were significant on depression symptoms. Also, the indirect coefficients of childhood trauma experience through dissociative experiences (p < 0.05, b = 0.52), secure (p < 0.05, b = -0.60) and insecure attachment styles (b = 0.05) p>0, b=0.39) were significant on depression symptoms. The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 75% of the variance of depression symptoms.
Conclusions: These findings may provide indications for the development of measures to reduce dissociative experiences and teachings based on attachment styles to reduce depressive symptoms in adults with traumatic childhood experiences. It is suggested that trauma and depression psychotherapists pay special attention to the two components of dissociation and attachment styles in their interventions.
 

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Introduction: Although there is a lot of evidence on the special role of childhood trauma in the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and tendency to substance use, few studies have investigated the mechanisms involved in the initiation and maintenance of these disorders. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the modeling of the structural relationships of childhood trauma with post-traumatic stress symptoms and the tendency to use substances with the mediation of dissociative experiences in adults.
Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation. The research community was made up of all people who referred to clinics and psychological service centers in Tehran in the winter of 2023. In this study, 360 people were selected by convenience sampling method. The research tools included Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, PTSD Checklist (PCL-C), Iranian Addiction Potential Scale and Dissociative Experiences Scale. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software were used.
Results: The results of the findings show the fit of the desired model. The direct paths of childhood trauma on post-traumatic stress symptoms (β = 0.22, T = 7.74), active tendency to use substances (β = 0.52, T = 3.39) and passive tendency to use substances (T = 4.32, β = 0.55) was significant (P<0.05). Direct paths of dissociative experiences on post-traumatic stress symptoms (T = 0.72, β = 21.70), active tendency to substance use (β = 0.71, T = 17.66) and passive tendency to substance use (T = 46.61, β = 0.97) was significant. In addition, the indirect coefficients of childhood trauma through dissociative experiences on post-traumatic stress symptoms and tendency to use substance were significant (P<0.05). In general, the experience of childhood trauma with the mediation of dissociative experiences explained a total of 67% of the variance of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, 50% of the variance of the active tendency to use substances and 92% of the variance of the passive tendency to use substances.
Conclusions: The results of the research indicated the important role of childhood trauma and especially dissociative experiences in predicting post-traumatic stress symptoms and the tendency to use substances in adults. Therefore, clinical experts can pay special attention to the phenomenon of dissociation in order to improve their intervention programs for the treatment of post-traumatic stress symptoms and tendency to use substances.
 
 

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Introduction: One of the most destructive effects of addiction is the addiction of the head of the family, which leaves many negative effects on all family members, and most importantly, the spouse of the addicted person. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of modeling the Codependency of the spouses of drug users undergoing maintenance treatment based on the experience of childhood trauma and insecure attachment with the mediation of mentalization.
 Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional correlational study. The statistical population of the research included all married women with addicted spouses who referred to addiction treatment clinics Qazvin city in the second half of 2023, out of which 220 people were selected using the available non-random sampling method. And they answered the Codependency Questionnaire, childhood trauma questionnaire, adult attachment styles questionnaire and reflective Functioning Questionnaire. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling was used in SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software.
Results: The results showed that the research model has a good fit (RMSEA=0.06; CFI=0.91; IFI=0.92; GFI=0.95 and NFI=0.96). In addition, the results showed the effect of the direct path of childhood trauma (P=0.001), anxious attachment (P=0.001), mentalization (certainty component) (P=0.001) and mentalization (uncertainty component) (P=0.002) were significant on Codependency. Also, mentalization had a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and insecure attachment with Codependency (P=0.001). The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 59% of the variance of Codependency.
Conclusions: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that despite traumatic experiences and insecure attachment style, if people acquire high psychological capacity and understanding and insight into their own mental processes and self-control over internal processes, instead of focusing too much on the needs and behaviors of others, They focus on themselves. Therefore, it is suggested to pay special attention to treatments based on emotion regulation and mentalization with the aim of reducing codependency.
 
 

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Introduction: Many studies have studied the etiology of eating and sleeping disorders. However, the success rate of the current treatments of these two disorders has been limited due to insufficient knowledge of the psychological mechanisms involved. The present study was conducted with the aim of development of a structural model for symptoms of eating disorders and sleep problems based on childhood trauma with the mediation of alexithymia.
Methods: The present study was a descriptive-correlation type of structural equation model. The statistical population of the research was made up of all the people who referred to the clinics and psychological service centers of Tehran in 2023. Among the statistical population, 280 people were selected by convenience sampling. The research tools were: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Eating Attitudes Test, Sleep Disorder Questionnaire and Toronto Alexithymia Scale. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS version 23 and AMOS version 23 software were used.
Results: The findings indicated the fit of the desired model. The obtained results indicated the indirect effect of childhood trauma on eating disorders (P<0.05, β=0.47) and sleep problems (P<0.05, β=0.51) through alexithymia. The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 69% of the variance of eating disorders and 79% of the variance of sleep problems.
Conclusions: The results showed that alexithymia is a factor that makes people with primary trauma more vulnerable to eating and sleeping disorders. Future research could improve treatment outcomes for eating and sleep disorders by adding clinical interventions that target alexithymia.
 

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Introduction: Marital instability is one of the challenges of marital relationships that can be affected by various factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and marital instability with the mediating role of dark and borderline personality traits in married women.
Method: The descriptive-correlation research method was the structural equation model type. The statistical population of the research included married women in Rasht city in 2024. The statistical sample of this research was considered to be 200 people and the people were selected as convince sampling. In this research, the Measuring Marital Instability (MMI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), borderline personality Inventory (BPI), and Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD). The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software version 24 and the structural equation modeling method.
Results: The results showed that traumatic childhood experiences (β=0.528) predict marital instability. Borderline personality traits (β=0.351) predict marital instability. Narcissism (β=-0.124), Machiavellianism (β=-0.089), and antisociality (β=0.134) do not predict marital instability (P>0.05). Traumatic childhood experiences predict narcissism (β=0.543), Machiavellianism (β=0.630), and antisocial behavior (β=0.610). Traumatic childhood experiences predict borderline personality traits (β=0.833). Traumatic childhood experiences with the mediating role of borderline personality traits (β=0.29) predict marital instability. Traumatic childhood experiences with the mediating role of dark personality traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) do not predict marital instability (P>0.05). The results also showed that the research variables explained 67% of the variance of marital instability of married women.
Conclusions: As a result, borderline personality traits can play a mediating role in the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and marital instability, and dark personality traits cannot play a mediating role in the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and marital instability.


 

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Introduction: With the growing number of opioid users, as well as with the non-compliance with methadone maintenance protocol principles in terms of dosage and occasional impulsive increases in dosage due to lack of effective emotional regulation, The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural relationships of childhood trauma experience with emotional dysregulation in methadone treated individuals with the mediating role of mentalization.
Methods: The statistical population in this study included all drug-dependent patients treated with methadone who referred to addiction treatment centers in Qazvin city in 2023, of which 220 people were selected using the available sampling method. In order to collect data, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, reflective functioning questionnaire, and difficulties in emotion regulation scale were used. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS-18 and AMOS-24 software were used.
Results: The findings indicate the fit of the assumed model. The present research is a descriptive-correlation type of structural equations. The direct effect of childhood trauma (T=2.11, β=0.43) and mentalization (uncertainty component) (T=5.65, β=0.41) on meaningful and positive on emotional dysregulation and the direct effect of mentalization (uncertainty component) (T = -3.32, β = -0.47) on emotional dysregulation was significant and negative. Also, the analysis of research findings indicated the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between childhood trauma experience and emotional dysregulation. The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 56% of the variance of emotional dysregulation. The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 56% of the variance of emotional dysregulation.
Conclusions: Early traumatic experiences, especially with caregivers, create an environment that invalidates the child's emotions and feelings, and in this unsafe environment, the child uses incompatible strategies such as suppressing or avoiding negative emotions. It may lead to substance abuse problems in adulthood, On the other hand, in spite of traumatic experiences, if people acquire a high psychological capacity and understanding and insight into their mental processes (mentalization capacity), they will not resort to drugs in order to regulate their impulses and emotions. Therefore, it is suggested to pay special attention to the treatments based on mentalization and the treatments based on emotion regulation in people treated with methadone.
 

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Introduction: Childhood trauma can lead to extensive psychological problems in adulthood due to various structures, so exploration and intervention in these structures can be of vital importance in treating the problems of people with childhood trauma. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of mentalization-based treatment on epistemic trust, emotional dysregulation, and impulsivity in adults with childhood trauma.
Methods: The current study was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. Among the people who experienced childhood trauma and referred to clinics and counseling centers in Tehran, 30 people were selected using convenience sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental groups and a control group (15 people). The experimental group received 20 sessions of mentalization-based therapy, but the control group received no specific intervention. The research tools were: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Epistemic Trust, Mistrust, and Credulity Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance test.
Results: The results of the research showed that the treatment based on mentalization is effective in optimally increasing epistemic trust and reducing emotional dysregulation and impulsivity in adults with childhood trauma (P<0.05).
Conclusions: Considering the confirmation of the effectiveness of mentalization-based therapy on the treatment of adults with childhood trauma, it is suggested that therapists consider this therapy to optimally increase epistemic trust and reduce emotional dysregulation and impulsivity in adults with childhood trauma.