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Introduction: Medical students, especially army university students are considered as being under high risk for mental disorders. This study investigated the relationship between self-esteem and depression in nursing students of a selected medical university in Tehran. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical survey, 130 nursing students of a selected medical university in Tehran were selected. Data collection tools were: A researcher-made demographic information questionnaire, the 21-item Beck Depression questionnaire, and 58-question Cooper Smith self Esteem Questionnaire. After entering the data into SPSS version 18 and using the Liker method for scoring options in the questionnaire, data analysis was made according to SPSS software and descriptive-analytical statistics (Chi-square). Results: The results showed that %24.3 of students had moderate to severe depression. Also %56.1 had a low self-esteem. Chi-square tests showed significant differences between depression and self-esteem in the assessed units (P<0.05). Conclusion: Given that a significant difference existed between the level of self-esteem and depression and upon increasing self-esteem, the scores of depression decreases, it, therefore is possible to use methods of enhancing self-esteem to improve students’ mental health.

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Introduction: Considering the aged population development and the prevalence of depression in this group, especially in nursing homes, paying attention to psycho-therapeutic approaches, especially in terms of ease and lack of side effects is absolutely necessary. This study investigated the effects of group poetry therapy on depression of elderly people. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 72 elderly living at a nursing home and also were randomly selected and classified in two groups of intervention (n=39) and control (n=33) groups. Poetry therapy group was designed for the intervention group and 12 sessions of 60 minutes were carried out for 6 weeks. Without any special interruption, the intervention group participated regularly in group meetings. The data collection tools were questionnaire, demographic information and geriatric depression scale. To analyze and collect data, chi-square, t-tests and paired t-test were utilized. Results: Our finding showed a significant difference between pre and post intervention, where the elderly depression mean score in intervention group changed from 7.6 to 6.5 (P<0.004) but no significant difference was observed in the control group (P>0.87). Conclusion: Having considered the results, it can be said that group poetry therapy can be effective to reduce depression in older adults. Therefore, it is recommended to use such an easy and low cost skill in nursing homes or own homes to promote mental health and improve depression symptoms.

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Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic and degenerative disease related to the central nervous system that causes depression in patients. Peer group can better encourage their peers to select the appropriate behavior. This study aimed to determine the impact of peer-led education on depression of multiple sclerosis patients in 2011. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed by selecting 110 multiple sclerosis patients and allocation of randomized two groups of tests and control groups (each group included55 patients).The MS Society of Iran was the research environment. After preparing the peer group, six training sessions were held during six weeks by peer group for the test group. Data collection tool was a questionnaire named Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess patients’ depression this was completed by both groups before and4months after the program. The data were analyzed using SPSS v.16 software and chi-square test, paired T and independent T. Results: There was no significant difference in depression score between two groups before intervention but the difference was shown significant between two groups after intervention using independent t test (P=0.001). Pair t test showed a significant difference in the depression reduction in the test group after peer group performance (P=0.000), whereas the same test showed no significant difference in the control group. Conclusion: Peer-led education caused depression reduction in patients with MS. Hence use of this teaching method in multiple sclerosis and patients with chronic diseases is recommended.

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Introduction: Multiple sclerosis [MS] is an acquired chronic neurological disease whose prevalence is more in some areas of Iran. Of its significant features are that most patients are young adults and also it's disabling nature. Psychiatric disorders such as depression are seen in MS patients considerably. Expression of emotions or emotional Catharsis by writing is one of the cost-effective self-helping methods whose efficacy has been studied on mental and physical health and survival in chronic patients. This method has not been studied on MS patients yet. This research has been conducted to evaluate the effects of Journaling on depression in MS patients. Method: This study has been done in ''Interventional and Quazi experiment'' before and after method, on patients with (MS) coming to MS ASSOSIATION, in TEHRAN, IRAN within (2010). After getting patients’ written consents, candidates were asked to complete first DASS-21 questionnaire and then write negative feelings and emotions about a traumatic event, 30 minutes a day for four continuous weeks. After 1 month they were asked to complete another DASS-21 questionnaire. Finally Data of questionnaire were analyzed by SPSS version 16. Results: Depression score are higher than normal in MS patients. Mean of depression score of intervention group was significantly better than before Journaling (P=0.008). Journaling efficacy was not dependent on sex and patients age. Conclusion: Journaling and writing emotional expression is effective on depression score in patients with MS.

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Introduction: All over the world, depression is a serious and debilitating public health problem with high prevalence. Medications significantly reduce the depressive symptoms and mortality. However, psychosocial interventions increase efficacy of medication. This study aimed to study the effects of dialectical behavior therapy skills on depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in depressed patients. Method: Our study design was a quasi-experimental and participants were selected based on volunteer sampling. 18 depressed inpatients were assigned in experimental (n=9) and wait-list control (n=9) groups. Patients were assessed by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Reasons for Living (RFL) Scale before and after training. Dialectical behavior therapy skills training were performed individual weekly format and lasted for over 6 month and 20 sessions. Results: Results of ANCOVA showed that skills training were effective in reducing depressive symptoms. Experimental group had a statistical significance in depression (P=0.001) and suicidal ideation (P=0.008) scores. Conclusion: Augmentation of medication with dialectical behavior therapy improves effectiveness of treatment of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. Experimental group was superior to control group in reducing symptoms. These skills can be used for the depressed inpatients.

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Introduction: High incidence of anxiety and depression in patients with coronary artery disease can be associated with serious complications consisting increasing mortality and morbidity and adverse cardiac events. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of anxiety and depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Jamaran heart hospitals Tehran in 2010 and a total sample size of 300 patients with coronary heart disease were investigated. Convenience sampling method was used to select patients. Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) was used for assessment of anxiety and depression. The data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 17, and descriptive and inferential statistic tests were used. Results: The mean and standard deviation scores for anxiety and depression subscales were, (2.6)7.23, and (2.6)6.74, respectively. Of the patients, 45.7% had depression and 38% had anxiety. There was statistically significant relationship between age and depression, also anxiety and depression levels (r=0.67). Patients with a history of hypertension had more anxiety and depression levels (P<0.05). Conclusion: Results of this study showed a high incidence of anxiety and depression in patients with coronary artery disease, respectively. Therefore, recommendations for further assessment of the mental status of the patients at admission and planning appropriate interventions according to screening outcomes is recommended.

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Introduction: Thalassemia is a chronic genetic disease which similar to any other chronic illnesses it influences people’s psychological state. And they can be at the risk of getting depression. This study was designed to examine the impact of Partnership Care Model on Depression of Adolescent with β-thalassemia. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed by selecting 60 Adolescents with β-thalassemia whom were randomly selected and classified into two groups of intervention (n=30) and control (n=30) groups in Shaheed Dastgheyb Hospital in Shiraz. The partnership care model of 4 main steps of orientation, sensitization, control and evaluation in the experimental group was administered for 3 months. Data collection tool was Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 questionnaire that assessed adolescents’ depression before and after 3 months which was completed by both groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS v.16 and chi-square, t-tests and paired t-test. Results: There was no significant difference in depression score between two groups before intervention p= (0/532). But the difference was shown significant between two groups after intervention using independent t test P = (0/0001). Pair t test showed a significant difference in the depression reduction in the test group after the intervention P= (0.001), whereas the mean depression score of the control group showed more reduction after the intervention than before the intervention, however the difference wasn’t significant p= (0/621). Conclusion: Applying partnership care model can reduce level of depression in adolescents with β-thalassemia. Therefore, it is recommended to use this model to reduce depression in adolescent with β-thalassemia..

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Introduction: Parents who have children with chronic disease are susceptible to anxiety and depression. Parental anxiety and depression is associated with decreased sense of responsibility toward care, education and nutrition for their children and also for their mental disorder effect on their children’s mental and emotional health. The purpose of this study was to determine parent’s anxiety and depression of children with chronic disease in Tehran Mofid pediatric Hospital. Method: The present study is cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2010. 440 parents of hospitalized children with chronic diseases were selected with simple random sampling. Study’s tool was Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Independent t-test and Pearson correlation tests. Results: The results showed that 49.1% of parents had moderate to severe and 24.5% had mild anxiety. Also 31.8% of samples were with moderate to severe depression and 27.3% with mild depression. Child gender, location, duration of hospitalization of children showed significant association with the level of anxiety and depression (p<0.05), as well as a significant relationship between parent's gender, history of anxiety and parent's age with depression levels was observed (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to results of this study, it is recommended to screen depression in parents of children with chronic illnesses in hospitals and clinics

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Introduction: Depression is a common mood disorder that causes distortion of the patient's self-esteem. The first and most important factor in the formation of self-esteem is an interaction with family members. As one of the main risk factors of depression is distress in family processes, that means family functions in various conditions, therefore the present study was aimed to investigate the correlation between family processes and self-esteem in depressed patients. Methods: 180 depressed patients were selected by propose sampling. A questionnaire completed by self-report was used for data collection. It included 3 parts: demographic, family process scale and Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Data was analyzed by version 17 SPSS software. Results: Family processes score in majority of samples was mediocre (53/86). The samples maximum and minimum score was in religious belief (7/55) and decision making (4/18) dimensions respectively. The self-esteem score in majority of samples was mediocre. Also results show that a positive and significant correlation between all the family processes dimensions, expect religious belief dimension, and self-esteem (p<0/00). Conclusion: In general, majority of samples had a mediocre family processes and self-esteem, indicating a significant and positive correlation between family processes and self-esteem.

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Introduction: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that its prevalence has been reported to be 10-64% among university students. Due to coping skills to solve problems may differ by individual, their depression is associated with problem-solving deficits. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Problem solving on depression of nursing student Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 57 nursing students had condition to enter the study and randomly assigned to either experimental (with 30 students) or control groups(with 27 students). The experimental group received 7sessions (two sessions per week) problem solving training . For the control group did not receive any intervention. one week later, the test beck of both groups was reassessed. The data collection tools were questionnaire, demographic information and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI ).To analyze and collect data, chi-square, ttests and paired t-test were utilized. Results: Findings showed no significant difference in depression variables before the intervention in the both groups (P>0.05) but significant differences were found between post depression mean between experimental and control group (P<0.05). The difference became significant after the intervention in the experimental group (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to this study the problem solving skills in students a positive impact on reducing depression. Learning these skills can lead to mental health promotion, it is Therefore, holding workshops and master classes at the University of Problem solving skills in order to promote mental health and reduce the severity of depressive proposed.

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Introduction: More than 1000 suicides occur daily worldwide and suicidal attempts occures 10 to 20 times. Identification of risk factors can lead to design preventive interventions to reduce the incidence of suicide. The aim of this study is to determine the association between suicidal ideations and psychosocial characteristics in depressed patients of Razi Hospital in Tabriz. Methods: This descriptive analytical study was conducted in 2013. 80 depressed patients who have suicidal ideation were selected through convinience sampling method. To collect data, a questionnaire consisting of social and mental questionnaire and Beck suicide ideation scale was used. To analyze data, descriptive and inferential statistics was used. Result: The overall results of this study showed that significant relationship was seen between suicide ideation and dimensions and gender, job, education, history and method of suicidal attempt, physical disorders, using non psychotropic drugs (P<0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the issue that suicidal ideation is an important risk factor for successful suicide and identification of vulnerble groups have important role in suicide prevention therefore, According the result of study we suggest that female patients with lower education less than diploma that use psychotropic drugs should be further considered as a risk group.

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Introduction: Anxiety and depression are the most common psychological outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Determining the predictors of anxiety and reduction of cardiac events resulting from the outcome of psychological symptoms depression can be useful in ability of patients and therefore, this study was conducted to determine predictors of hospital anxiety and depression in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study in which 170 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery hospitalized in cardiac hospitals of Guilan University of Medical Sciences were selected by Convenience sampling method. Tools for data collection included demographic and social, Standardized questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the stressors questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 17, and descriptive and inferential statistic tests were used. Results: The findings showed 33/75% and 17/83%of patients had anxiety and depression at discharge. Based on logistic regression test predictors of hospital anxiety at “discharge pain or discomfort following surgery" sex and education level and depression at discharge "Lack of support from family and friends "age and sex were determined. Conclusion: Results of this study showed an occurrence of anxiety and depression in patients with coronary artery bypass surgery. Recommendations for further assessment of the mental status of the patients at discharge and considering predictors for planning appropriate interventions is recommended.

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Introduction: Depression is one of the most costly diseases of the labor force. Complications of depression has been proved on work absenteeism rates, accurate measurement of individual tasks and Employee Efficiency. This study was conducted with aimed to investigate the depression and its association with demographic variables in the employees of Isfahan University of Medical sciences in 1392. Methods: This is a descriptive - cross-sectional correlation study that was implemented in 1392. 405 employees from Isfahan University of Medical sciences were randomly chosen. Data gathering tool included demographic information form and Beck depression (version-II) questionnaire. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, student t-Test and Multiple linear regressions with stepwise method applying SPSSv18 software. Results: According to the results of this study 45.92% of the employees were suffering from depression. They were identified as 28.39% with low depression, 15.30% with moderate depression, and 2.22% with severe depression. A significant correlation was found between depression with education level (p=0.002) and work site (p=0.01), but that there was no statistically significant relationship between depression with age, sex, marital status, years of service and type of residence. The results of stepwise regression analysis indicated that the education level in the first model and work site in the second model were regularly the best predictions of the employees' depression, whereas they explained totally 25.7% of the variance of employees' depression. Conclusions: This study showed a high prevalence of depression in employees. Encouraging teamwork, participate the employees in decision-making, supported employment, reduce conflicts and job ambiguities as well as increased job control events with development centers of consultation sessions in university are the helpful measures suggested to control and reduce depression.

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Introduction: Epilepsy is the most common neurological system disorder in the world. Many epileptic patients experience psychological problems the most common of which is depression. One of the methods that nowadays is considered for depression treatment and prevention of relapse is cognitive-therapy. The purpose of this research was to determine the efficacy of cognitive therapy on depression in epileptic patients.. Methods: This research was an experimental study which was done on 40 epileptic patients (20 interventions and 20 control) with mild to moderate clinical depression diagnosed by Beck Depression Inventory .The people selected had the required conditions to enter the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data collecting instrument was Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Researchers used this instrument for depression in both the intervention and control groups before and after intervention during cognitive therapy sessions (10 sessions of 45 min weekly) for intervention group. The data were analyzed by a SPSS version 18. Results: Analysis of the data showed that the mean scores of Beck in intervention group after cognitive therapy from 36/950±5/296 to 30/200±6/614 decreased significantly (p<0/01). But was insignificant in control group. Conclusion: The results indicated that cognitive-therapy with focus on dysfunctional attitudes related to epilepsy is remarkably effective as a complementary therapy in the reduction of co-morbid depression in epileptic patients.

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Introduction: Post-natal depression is a mood problem that has adverse effects on parents, leading to impaired cognitive development and poor communication between parents-child. The purpose of this study was to assess postpartum depression in young mothers and fathers. Method: this descriptive-analytical study was performed with convenience sampling on 150youngmothers and fathers who were referred to Saqqez health centers, Sanandaj, Iran in 2013. Data was collected with demographic information form and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Data were analyzed by PASW statistical software using descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, Fisher's exact test, chi-square, independent t- test. P-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: the results showed that 27 fathers (36%) and 37 mothers (49.3%) had symptoms of postpartum depression and two groups of depressed parents are not significant different. There was an association between depression and employment (p=0.003), so that all unemployed fathers were depressed (p=0.04) and all employed mothers (p=0.001) have not depressive symptoms. There was no relationship between depression and education. Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of postpartum depression in young fathers, holding training classes, emphasizing the issue of postpartum depression and management of this critical stage in fathers seems to be necessary.

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Introduction: Postpartum depression is a disorder with varying degrees of which occurred in the first year after delivery. Different tests to measure the disorder that the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale shortest questionnaire for rapid assessment disorder. The present research was in fact a predictive investigation seeking to validate Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale in an Iranian sample. Methods: The study population included all mothers who for the first time (first delivery) during pregnancy have a season and 2 to 4 weeks after the first and second after delivery care for pregnant women to health centers - medical visited the city of Sanandaj, Edinburgh and questionnaires completed the Beck Depression Inventory by 361 person, and the acquisition of high scorers on the scales structured interview (SCID-I) for mood disorder diagnosis was done by a psychiatrist. Results: Based on Beck inventory, 31.6% of the participants and according to Edinburgh scale, 67.3% of them were diagnosed with depression. From among these people, only 19.7% were diagnosed to be depressed through the clinical structured interview. Cronbach alpha was estimated to be 0.70 for Edinburgh test. Validity of Edinburgh test along with the parallel Beck Scale was equal to 0.44. Conclusion: According to the findings, this questionnaire possesses a high validity. Using Edinburgh scale can pave the way for a fast and short diagnosis. In case this brief test is utilized in healthcare systems, it could help a rapid diagnosis of patients’ problems and their treatment.

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Introduction: legal abortion, as a negative pregnancy-related event, affects the individual and social aspects of an individual’s life and lead to a reduction in the quality of life, depression and anxiety.the aim of the present study was to examine the impact of counseling on depression and anxiety following legal abortion. Methods: 120 pregnant women, with a permit to conduct legal abortion, who had visited the Educational and Medical Center of Kosar in Qazvin in the years 2013 and 2014, participated in this semi-empirical study. The sample was divided into control (observation and recoding information) and intervention groups (face-to-face individual counseling before abortion and weekly follow-up telephone calls for eight weeks). For the purpose of randomization, the even days were dedicated to the control group and the odd days to the intervention group. After obtaining participants’ consent, the personal information and pregnancy questionnaires were distributed among both groups and filled out. The samples were studied before and two months after abortion using the depression and anxiety questionnaires, and finally the two groups were compared. The data was analyzed using SPSS-16 software and Chi squared test, Fisher’s exact test, paired T test and independent T test. The significance level of p< 0.05 was taken into account in this study. Results: The findings of this study show mean anxiety scores of 24.72±11.05 and 22.76±12.67 for interference group and control group respectively, before the intervention and p= 0.412. However, two months after the interference, the anxiety score increased to 1.10±1.70 (p<0.0001) in the interference group and in the control group it rose to 11.66±7.76 (P< 0.001). The mean depression scores of the two groups before the interference were not homogenous (P= 0.028), and therefore, the mean difference in reduction in the depression scores of the two groups in interference and control groups was calculated and the following significant results were obtained respectively: 12.56±9.64, 4.42±6.89 and p= 0.0001. Conclusion: It seems that counseling services after abortion can reduce the amount of depression and anxiety, and follow-up consultation services can be effective in enhancing women’s health.

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Introduction: Depression is a common and potential disabling factor in infertile females. The aim of the present research was to examine the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and resilience, and depression of infertile females.

Methods: This research was a correlational study. The sample of the present study included three hundred infertile females referred to the infertility institution of Tabriz Jahad University, which were selected using the random sampling method. For collecting the data, Garnefski cognitive emotion regulation scale, Conner resilience questionnaire and Beck depression inventory were used. The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation test and multiple regression analysis and SPSS software version 22. The P value was considered significant at 0.05.

Results: There was a positive relationship between depression of infertile females and self-blame, others-blame, preoccupation, catastrophizing, and putting into perspective, and there was a negative significant relationship with resilience, renewed positive concentration, renewed positive appraisal, acceptance and renewed concentration on scheduling. The results of multivariate correlation coefficient through the Enter method showed that variable resilience and cognitive emotion regulation had a role (R2 = 49.1%) in explaining depression in infertile females.

Conclusions: In accordance with the reverse relationship between depression in infertile females and resilience and cognitive emotion regulation strategies, it seems that resilience and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies can lead to a decrease in depression in infertile females.

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Introduction: Postpartum depression in fathers is one of the major problems in the postpartum period, which causes numerous side effects including disturbance in family relationships, which in turn has a negative effect on child growth and development. This research aimed to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression in fathers as well as its predisposing factors.

Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done on 144 eligible fathers, whose spouses referred to receive postpartum care at health centers of Arak city during year 2013. Random cluster sampling was done in different areas of Arak. Demographic characteristics form and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EDPS) were used to collect data. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 16 software, using descriptive and inferential statistics (X² and logistic regression).

Results: Results showed that rate of prevalence of postpartum depression among fathers was 45.8%. The X² test showed that economic situation was a significant matter related to depression outbreak in fathers (P = 0.001). This test also demonstrated that problems with the spouse’s family was a prognosticative factor (P = 0.05). Other variables showed no relationships with paternal depression (P > 0.05).

Conclusions: Postpartum depression in fathers is relatively common so it is suggested to prevent it by controlling predisposing factors and treating symptoms in early phases.

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Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS). It is widely accepted that this disease might be related to several psychiatric disorders, especially depression. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of motivational interviewing on depression of patients with multiple sclerosis referring to Isfahan Alzahra Hospital.

Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study conducted on control and intervention groups with before and after design. Sixty patients with multiple sclerosis were selected by convenience sampling from patients referred to Isfahan Alzahra University Hospital MS clinic, in 2014, and were randomly allocated to control and intervention groups. Motivational interviewing sessions were performed for the intervention group for three weeks, one hour depression. Data were collected before and one month after the intervention using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Data were analyzed with the SPSS software, using independent t-test, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney and Chi-squared test.

Results: After the intervention, the mean depression in the intervention group decreased from 28.42 ± 14.5 to 21.08 ± 7.2, showing a significant decrease in patients’ depression levels (P < 0.05), while in the control group before and after the intervention (26.12 ± 13.77 and 25.6 ± 8, respectively) this figure showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). The score of depression disorder after the intervention in patients of the intervention and control groups was significantly different (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: Our research findings indicated the efficacy of motivational interviewing for reducing depression of patients with multiple sclerosis disease suggesting its application to other chronic diseases.