---

Introduction: However pregnancy is Seems a Pleasure time of women`s life, but the physiologic changes during this time has caused high levels of stress in the mothers. Since optimism is one of the most important personality factors in choosing coping strategies to overcome the challenges created by pregnancy, thus the present study was performed to investigate the relationship between optimism and prenatal coping strategies. Methods: This correlational-descriptive study was carried out in 500 pregnant women referring to health centers of Mashhad in 2014 were selected based on random sampling method. Instruments include: Life orientation test- Revised scale and the Revised Prenatal Coping Inventory. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software using descriptive statistics, spearman correlation and regression at the significant level of p<0.05 Results: In the current study, there was a significant direct correlation Between optimism and Planning-Preparation Coping (p<0.001, r=0.74), and Spiritual-Positive Coping (p<0.001, r=0.73). A significant Reverse correlation Between optimism and Avoidance Coping (p<0.001, r=−0.76). Conclusions: optimism was a positive correlation with Planning-Preparation Coping and Spiritual-Positive and negative correlation with Avoidance Coping.

---

Introduction: Pregnancy is a natural event in women's lives, but requires a series of physiological adaptations and compliances. Quality adjustment to these changes may put women at risk for psychological problems. Considering the effective role of cognitive regulation strategies of emotion, psychological hardiness and optimism in coping of individual with different situations and stressful conditions, the present study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive regulation strategies of emotion, psychological hardiness and optimism in predicting death anxiety in women who are in their third trimester of pregnancy.

Methods: The present study was descriptive and correlational. The studied sample consisted of 220 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy whom were selected by convenient sampling method from Shiraz city. Data were collected using Persian Short form Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Ahvaz Psychological Hardiness Scale, Life Orientation Test (LOT) and 15-items Templer Death Anxiety Scale. Data were subjected to analysis with descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation coefficient and stepwise regression).

Results: Mean and SD were 8.2 (2.7 for death anxiety, 54.95 (7.6 for cognitive emotion regulation, 46.68 (10.07 for psychological hardiness, and 16.05 (3.87 for optimism. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that cognitive emotion regulation, psychological hardiness and optimism were correlated with death anxiety, whereby there was significant and positive correlation in catastrophizing, self-blame and focus on thought with death anxiety. In addition, there was a significant reverse correlation in positive reappraisal, refocus on planning, hardness and optimism with death anxiety. The relationships of other-blame, putting into perspective, positive refocusing and acceptance with death anxiety were not significant. Regression analysis showed that psychological hardiness (B = -0.06), optimism (B = -0.20) and catastrophizing (B = 0.35) were the significant predictors of death anxiety.

Conclusions: Results showed that cognitive emotion regulation strategies, psychological hardiness and optimism can be appropriate strategies to reduce and control death anxiety among pregnant women in their third trimester of pregnancy.

---

Introduction: Infidelity seems an individual phenomenon at first glance, but considering the consequences and disadvantages on the family, raising children and also health and safety of the community, it is considered a hidden and serious social pathology. The present study was designed to determine the relationship between personality traits, early maladaptive patterns, optimism and pessimism with justification of infidelity in married couples.

Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the research community was all married couples referred to counseling centers in Golestan Province in 2015 with a history of marital infidelity among which, 100 samples (50 males, and 50 females) were selected by the simple random sampling method. The research instruments were questionnaires of the personality traits of NEO, the early maladaptive patterns, the optimism and pessimism and infidelity justification. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the Smart PLS 2 software and the partial least squares method.

Results: Results of the study showed a significant inverse relationship between early maladaptive patterns (β = -0.612 & T = 5.344) and optimism and pessimism (β = -0.195 & T = 2.273) with justification of marital infidelity. There was no significant relationship between personality characteristics and justification of marital infidelity (β = -0.21 & T = 1.781).

Conclusions: In this study, most of the correlations were between early maladaptive patterns and justification of infidelity; therefore, it can be used to identify people at risk.

---

Introduction: People with high resilience, under stressful conditions and disadvantaged situations, maintain their psychological well-being and have psychological adaptability. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of resilience and stress management programs on psychological well-being, meaning of life, optimism, and life satisfaction of female-headed households.
Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all females under the welfare organization of Khomein City, from which 48 people were selected by the simple random method and replaced in two experimental and control groups. The data were collected using the Ryff psychological wellbeing scale, Crambeff and Mahulik's Meaningful Life Questionnaire, Carver and Scheier Optimism Scale, and Diner Life Satisfaction Scale. The results were analyzed using one-variable and multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS-22 software.
Results: The results of the study showed that the program for promoting resilience and stress management improved the psychological well-being of the experimental group. In other words, the results showed that promotion of resilience and stress management improved the components of independence, self-empowerment, personal growth, positive relationship with others, lifestyle, and acceptance (P < 0.001). Also, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) showed that promotion of resilience and stress management program had an impact on the meaning of life, optimism, and life satisfaction in the experimental group (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: Based on the findings of the research, it can be said that resilience and optimal management of stress are an internal quality that enable one to maintain himself in the face of adverse conditions and stresses in life, and thus promotes psychological well-being, lifestyle, optimism, and life satisfaction.

 

---

Introduction: The current research was administered with the aim of studying the structural model of the relationship between   big five factors personality, emotional intelligence abilities and positive psychological (gratitude and optimism) with interpersonal forgiveness.
Methods: The research method was correlational and the statistical population comprised of all nursing students of Isfahan University of medical sciences and Isfahan Islamic Azad University (khorasgan) in academic year 2015-2016 that 274 persons were selected by stratified sampling procedure that was proportional to the portion of population in community according to cohen et al (2000) sample size table. Research instruments were five major personality factors questionnaire, emotional intelligence ability questionnaire, gratitude questionnaire, life orientation questionnaire and interpersonal motivation related to damage. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and Structure Equation Modeling.
Results: There is a significant relationship between five factors include personality, emotional intelligence abilities and psychological positive (gratitude and optimism) with interpersonal forgiveness (p<0.01). Moreover the results of structural equations indicated that personality traits included openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness have direct effect on emotional intelligence. The emotional intelligence has direct effect on gratitude and optimism also the gratitude has the same effect on revenge.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that big five factors personality, emotional intelligence abilities and positive psychological (gratitude and optimism) can help to grow and improve interpersonal forgiveness of nursing students.

---

Introduction: Due to the prevalence of psychological damage in cancer patients, some studies indicate the role of psychological structures in compromising cancer. The purpose of this study was to develop a model for the relationship between psychosocial factors and self-efficacy of pain by mediating optimism and psychological hardiness in patients with cancer in Urmia.
Methods: This study was carried out as structural equations. The sample consisted of 250 cancer patients in Urmia in 2018. These patients included Bauer Mindfulness Questionnaire (2006), Social Support for Zimt (1988), Parsian Spirituality and Donitigg (2009), Optimism by Shiyer and Carver (1994) , Psychological hardiness Kobasa et al. (1982) and self-efficacy of Nicholas's pain (1989). Then, using the LISREL software and their structural equations, their fitting proportions were calculated.
Results: Mindfulness, social support and spirituality were positively predictive of the self-efficacy of pain; as well as the variables of mindfulness, social support and spirituality in a positive manner Able to predict optimism and psychological hardiness, and ultimately optimism and psychological hardiness, are able to predict positive self-efficacy of pain. The variables of mindfulness, social support and spirituality along with optimism and psychological hardiness simultaneously were able to explain 57.3 percent of the variance of self-efficacy in two. Also, the variables of mindfulness, social support and spirituality can simultaneously explain 32 percent of the variance of optimism and 21.9% of psychological hardiness changes.
Conclusions: According to the results of the theoretical model, the relationship between psychosocial factors and the self-efficacy of pain-induced pain is confirmed by the optimism and psychological hardiness of cancer patients.
 

---

Introduction: Cardiovascular patients face many problems in the field of health and marital life, and in this field couple therapy method with compassion therapy can be effective. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of determine the effectiveness of couple therapy with compassion therapy method on depression, married quality life and optimism in cardiovascular patients.
Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest design with control group. The research population was cardiovascular patients referred to Javad Al-Aeme Cardiovascular Hospital of Mashhad city in the first half of 2021 year, which from them 30 people after reviewing the inclusion criteria were selected by purposive sampling method and by simple random with lottery replaced in two equal groups. The experimental group 8 sessions of 90-minute (two sessions per week) underwent the couple therapy with compassion therapy method and during this period the control group did not receive any training. Data were collected through the questionnaires of depression (Beck & Clarck, 1988), marital life quality (Zhang et al, 2013) and optimism (Scheier et al, 1994) and analyzed by tests of Chi-square, independent t and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-19 software.
Results: The findings showed that the experimental and control groups did not significantly different in terms of education, gender, age and duration of cardiovascular disease (P>0.05). Before the intervention, there was no significantly different between the mean scores of depression, marital life quality and optimism of the experimental and control groups (P>0.05), but after the intervention, was found significantly different between the mean scores of all three variables (P<0.05). The couple therapy with compassion therapy method led to reduced depression (F=151/44) and increased marital life quality (F=139/48) and optimism (F=381/53) in cardiovascular patients (P<0.001).
Conclusions: The results of this research indicated the effectiveness of couple therapy with compassion therapy method on reducing depression and increasing marital life quality and optimism in cardiovascular patients. Therefore, health professionals and therapists can use this method to improve the characteristics of related to health and married life in cardiovascular patients.

---

Introduction: Examining the mental health of female heads of the household and the factors affecting it is important. studies have shown that psychological capital can predict the mental health of people. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the lived experience of women heads of households about the role of psychological capital in mental health.
Methods: The research was a qualitative phenomenological type. The participants of this research were the female applicants who were the head of the household covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Birjand. interviews were conducted with 21 women through the purposeful criterion sampling method and based on the entry criteria, and this process continued until the theoretical saturation of the data. The research tool was semi-structured interview. To analyze the data from Colaizzi's seven-step strategy and to validate the answer to the main research question about the role of psychological capital in the mental health, Guba and Lincoln's four criteria were used. Finally, the research data was coded in the MAXQDA-11.
Results: The data were categorized into 4 axes: "self-efficacy", "resilience", "optimism" and "hope". The analysis showed that the psychological capitals, including self-efficacy, resilience, optimism and hope, have played a very important role in dealing with psychological tensions and developing the mental health of female heads of households.
Conclusion: The results while explaining the importance of psychological capital in improving the mental health of women heads of households and the importance of conducting more extensive research with the aim of understanding the dimensions of this effect, bring this importance to the support organizations to work hard in order to improve the psychological capital of women heads of households